EU sanctions against Russia and Belarus: an overview

The EU’s sanctions framework has evolved into one of the most far‑reaching and complex regulatory regimes affecting international trade, finance and professional services. In response to the ongoing situation in Ukraine, the EU has introduced an extensive set of restrictive measures targeting the Russian Federation, as well as Belarus and certain non‑government‑controlled Ukrainian regions. These measures extend well beyond traditional trade bans, encompassing financial transactions, capital markets, transport, energy, professional services, investment activity and personal sanctions, with significant compliance implications for businesses operating in or with exposure to affected jurisdictions.

This guide provides a structured overview of the current EU sanctions landscape, highlighting key prohibitions, sector‑specific restrictions, available exemptions and reporting obligations. It also outlines the potential legal and criminal consequences of non‑compliance, which vary across Member States but can include substantial fines and imprisonment. For companies, financial institutions and professional service providers navigating cross‑border activities, the guide offers a practical starting point for understanding where risks arise and why careful sanctions screening and internal controls are now more critical than ever.